References
Abas, R., Othman, F., & Thent, Z. C. (2015). Effect of Momordica charantia fruit extract on vascular complication in type 1 diabetic rats. EXCLI Journal, 14, 179.
Aminah, A., & Anna, P. K. (2011). Influence of ripening stages on physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant properties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). International Food Research Journal, 18(3), 865–900.
Arshad, M. U., Aslam, T., & Khalil, A. A. (2018). Hypolipidemic perspectives of bittergourd (Momordica Charantia L.) ethanolic extracts in rat model. Sylwan, 162(2), 151–163.
Bai, L. Y., Chiu, C. F., Chu, P. C., Lin, W. Y., Chiu, S. J., & Weng, J. R. (2016). A triterpenoid from wild bitter gourd inhibits breast cancer cells. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22419.
Barua, R., Talukder, M. E. U., Islam, M. S., Yesmin, F., Chakma, K., Kabir, M. G., & Bhuiyan, R. H. (2020). Nutritional analysis and phytochemical evaluation of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) from Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 8(02), 11–17.
Behera, T. K., Staub, J. E., Behera, S., & Simon, P. W. (2008). Bitter gourd and human health. Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology, 1(2), 224–226.
Bortolotti, M., Mercatelli, D., & Polito, L. (2019). Momordica charantia, a nutraceutical approach for inflammatory related diseases. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00486.
Braca, A., Siciliano, T., D’Arrigo, M., & Germanò, M. P. (2008). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Momordica charantia seed essential oil. Fitoterapia, 79(2), 123–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2007.11.002.
Chakraborty, S., Uppaluri, R., & Das, C. (2020). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) process for the recovery of bioactive compounds from bitter gourd using response surface methodology (RSM). Food and Bioproducts Processing, 120, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2020.01.003.
Chen, F., & Huang, G. (2019). Extraction, derivatization and antioxidant activity of bitter gourd polysaccharide. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 141, 14–20.
Daniel, P., Supe, U., & Roymon, M. G. (2014). A review on phytochemical analysis of Momordica charantia. International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry, 3(1), 214–220.
Desai, S., & Tatke, P. (2015). Charantin: An important lead compound from Momordica charantia for the treatment of diabetes. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3(6), 163–166.
Devaki, C. S., & Premavalli, K. S. (2014). Evaluation of supplementation of Bittergourd fermented beverage to diabetic subjects. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 4(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5951.2014.04.01.5.
Dia, V. P., & Krishnan, H. B. (2016). BG-4, a novel anticancer peptide from bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), promotes apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33532.
Ekezie, F. C., Suneetha, J., & Maheswari, U. (2016). Biogenic synthesis of zinc nanoparticle from ethanol extract of bitter gourd and evaluation of its in-vitro antioxidant efficacy. International Journal of Innovation Science and Research, 5, 585–587.
Fang, E. F., Zhang, C. Z. Y., Ng, T. B., Wong, J. H., Pan, W. L., Ye, X. J., … Fong, W. P. (2012). Momordica Charantia lectin, a type II ribosome inactivating protein, exhibits antitumor activity toward human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Prevention Research, 5(1), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0203.
Fuangchan, A., Sonthisombat, P., Seubnukarn, T., Chanouan, R., Chotchaisuwat, P., Sirigulsatien, V., … Haines, S. T. (2011). Hypoglycemic effect of bitter melon compared with metformin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(2), 422–428.
Gayathri, V. (2014). Analysis on nutritional values and antioxidant properties of powdered Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) and Colocasia esculenta (cocoyam). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Business Management, 2(3), 1–4.
Gong, J., Sun, F., Li, Y., Zhou, X., Duan, Z., Duan, F., … Shen, J. (2015). Momordica charantia polysaccharides could protect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibiting oxidative stress mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 signaling pathway. Neuropharmacology, 91, 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.020.
Goo, K. S., Ashari, S., Basuki, N., & Sugiharto, A. N. (2016). The bitter gourd Momordica charantia L.: Morphological aspects, charantin and vitamin C contents. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 9(10), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-0910017681.
Güneş, H., Alper, M., & Çelikoğlu, N. (2019). Anticancer effect of the fruit and seed extracts of Momordica charantia L.(Cucurbitaceae) on human cancer cell lines. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 18(10), 2057–2065.
Gupta, M., Sharma, S., Gautam, A. K., & Bhadauria, R. (2011). Momordica charantia Linn.(Karela): Nature’s silent healer. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 11(1), 32–37.
Hamissou, M., Smith, A. C., Carter Jr., R. E., & Triplett II, J. K. (2013). Antioxidative properties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 641–647. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v25i9.15978.
Huang, H. J., Chen, S. L., Chang, Y. T., Chyuan, J. H., & Hsieh-Li, H. M. (2018). Administration of Momordica charantia enhances the neuroprotection and reduces the side effects of LiCl in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Nutrients, 10(12), 1888. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121888.
Ingle, A., & Kapgatte, R. (2018). Phytochemical screening and anti-microbial activity of Momordica charantia Linn. International Journal of Pharmacological Research, 8(7), 63–65.3312. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijpr.
Jagessar, R. C., Mohamed, A., & Gomes, G. (2008). An evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of leaf extracts of Momordica charantia against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Nature and Science, 6(1), 1–14.
Jain, A., & De, S. (2016). Aqueous extraction of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) juice and optimization of operating conditions. Fruits, 71(6), 379–387. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2016033.
Janagal, B., Singh, C., Purvia, R. P., & Adlakha, M. (2018). A review of hypoglycemic effect of Momordica charantia wsr to madhumeh. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 6(1), 50–54.
Jia, S., Shen, M., Zhang, F., & Xie, J. (2017). Recent advances in Momordica charantia: Functional components and biological activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(12), 2555.
Joseph, B., & Jini, D. (2013). Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 3(2), 93–102.
Joshi, A., Soni, P., Malviya, S., & Kharia, A. (2017). Memory enhancing activity of Momordica charantia by scopolamine induced amnesia in rats. International Journal of Complementary and Advamced Pharmacology, 2(1), 11–18.
Ju, Y. H., & Kim, M. (2018). Anti-diabetic potentials of bitter melon, (pp. 1–6). Virginia Cooperative Extension.Virginia State University.
Kalal, A. Y., Hiregoudar, S., Nidoni, U., Ramachandra, C., & Naik, N. (2016). Nanoencapsulation of probiotic bitter gourd juice powder. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research, 6(2), 9–20.
Kim, H. Y., Mok, S. Y., Kwon, S. H., Lee, D. G., Cho, E. J., & Lee, S. (2013). Phytochemical constituents of bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Natural Product Sciences, 19(4), 286–289.
Klomann, S. D., Mueller, A. S., Pallauf, J., & Krawinkel, M. B. (2010). Antidiabetic effects of bitter gourd extracts in insulin-resistant db/db mice. British Journal of Nutrition, 104(11), 1613–1620.
Kole, C., Matsumura, H., & Behera, T. K. (Eds.) (2020). The bitter gourd genome. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Krawinkel, M. B., & Keding, G. B. (2006). Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia): A dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutrition Reviews, 64(7), 331–337. https://doi.org/10.1301/nr.2006.jul.331.
Krawinkel, M. B., Ludwig, C., Swai, M. E., Yang, R. Y., Chun, K. P., & Habicht, S. D. (2018). Bitter gourd reduces elevated fasting plasma glucose levels in an intervention study among prediabetics in Tanzania. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 216, 1-7.
Kuanhuta, W., Aree, T., p*rnpakakul, S., & Sawasdee, P. (2014). Novel cucurbitane triterpenoids and anti-cholinesterase activities of constituents from Momordica charantia L. Natural Product Communications, 9(6), 765–769.
Kubola, J., & Siriamornpun, S. (2008). Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) leaf, stem and fruit fraction extracts in vitro. Food Chemistry, 110(4), 881–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.076.
Kumari, P., Kumari, R., Rani, N., Verma, R. B., & Verma, R. (2017). Genetic divergence of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for sixteen important yield attributing traits. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 23(2), 1–11.
Le, A. V., Parks, S. E., Nguyen, M. H., & Roach, P. D. (2018). Optimisation of the microwave-assisted ethanol extraction of saponins from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds. Medicines, 5(3), 70.
Leelaprakash, G., Rose, J. C., Gowtham, B. M., Javvaji, P. K., & Prasad, S. A. (2011). In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Momordica charantia leaves. Pharmacophore, 2(4), 244–252.
Lestari, P., & Mahayasih, P. G. M. W. (2017). Inhibition activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and determination of total phenolic and flavonoid compound from bitter melon leaves (Momordica charantia L.). Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(2), 252–256.
Li, W., Lin, Z., Yang, C., Wang, Y., & Qiao, Y. (2015). Study on the chemical constituents of Momordica charantia L. leaves and method for their quantitative determination. Biomedical Research, 26(3), 415–419.
Mahmood, A., Raja, G. K., Mahmood, T., Gulfraz, M., & Khanum, A. (2012). Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial activity conferring component (s) from seeds of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(4), 566–573.
Mahmood, M. S., Rafique, A., Younas, W., & Aslam, B. (2019). Momordica charantia L. (bitter gourd) as a candidate for the control of bacterial and fungal growth. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 56(4), 1031–1036. https://doi.org/10.21162/PAKJAS/19.7684.
Mahwish, M., Saeed, F., un Nisa, M., & Nadeem, M. T. (2018). Minerals and phytochemical analysis of bitter melon fruits and its components in some indigenous and exotic cultivars. Bioscience Journal, 34(6), 1622–1631.
Masithoh, D. A., Kusdarwati, R., & Handijatno, D. (2019). Antibacterial activity of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) leaf extract against Aeromonas hydrophila. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, (vol. 236, No. 1, p. 012096). East Java: IOP Publishing.
Miri, A., Askari, S. F., & Shahraki, E. (2019). Examining the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Momordica charantia fruit on avoidance memory alterations in mice using step-through model. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 11(1), 101–116.
Nagarani, G., Abirami, A., & Siddhuraju, P. (2014). Food prospects and nutraceutical attributes of Momordica species: A potential tropical bioresources–A review. Food Science and Human Wellness, 3(3-4), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2014.07.001.
Padmashree, A., Sharma, G. K., Semwal, A. D., & Bawa, A. S. (2011). Studies on the antioxygenic activity of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and its fractions using various in vitro models. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(4), 776–782.
Patel, A. S., Kar, A., Dash, S., & Dash, S. K. (2019). Supercritical fluid extraction of β-carotene from ripe bitter melon pericarp. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55481-4.
Pathakota, R., Chunduru, S., Damu, U., & Pitta, L. (2017). Neuroprotective effects of Momordica charantia on scopolamine induced Alzheimer’s disease. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(04), 2141–2155. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjepps201704-9025.
Poolperm, S., & Jiraungkoorskul, W. (2017). An update review on the anthelmintic activity of bitter gourd, Momordica charantia. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(21), 31.
Poovitha, S., & Parani, M. (2016). In vitro and in vivo α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibiting activities of the protein extracts from two varieties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 1–8.
Priyanto, A. D., Doerksen, R. J., Chang, C. I., Sung, W. C., Widjanarko, S. B., Kusnadi, J., et al. (2015). Screening, discovery, and characterization of angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from proteolytic hydrolysate of bitter melon seed proteins. Journal of Proteomics, 128, 424–435.
Raj, N., & Priya, B. (2016). Encapsulation of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) extract by spray drying technique. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 13(2), 1189–1193. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2151.
Rezaei, S., Raftani, Z., & Mahdi, S. (2019). Nanoliposomal encapsulation of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) fruit extract as a rich source of health-promoting bioactive compounds. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 116, 108581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108581.
Rezaul, M., Shishir, I., & Ferdowsi, R. (2019). Micro and nano encapsulation, retention and controlled release of flavor and aroma compounds: A critical review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 86, 230–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.030
Saeed, F., Afzaal, M., Niaz, B., Arshad, M. U., Tufail, T., Hussain, M. B., & Javed, A. (2018). Bitter melon ( Momordica charantia ): A natural healthy vegetable. International Journal of Food Properties, 21(1), 1270–1290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2018.1446023.
Saengsai, J., Kongtunjanphu*k, S., Yoswatthana, N., Kummalue, T., & Jiratchariyakul, W. (2015). Antibacterial and antiproliferative activities of plumericin, an iridoid isolated from Momordica charantia vine. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 823178.
Salam, M. A., El-Gengaihi, S. E., & Zikry, E. N. (2015). Preliminary clinical trials of karela, Momordica charantia, on non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal, 14(1), 69.
Sharmin, Z. R., Akter, M. T., Rahman, R., Hoque, M., Khan, I., & Mosaddek, A. S. M. (2017). Comparative study of hypolipidemic effects of Momordica charantia (karela) with atorvastatin in fat fed rats. Journal of Human Health Research, 1(1), 11.
Shetty, A. K., Kumar, G. S., Sambaiah, K., & Salimath, P. V. (2005). Effect of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) on glycaemic status in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 60(3), 109–112.
Shobha, C., Vishwanath, P., Suma, M., Prashant, A., Rangaswamy, C., & Gowdappa, B. (2015). In vitro anti-cancer activity of ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia on cervical and breast cancer cell lines. International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences, 4(4), 210–210.
Shubha, A. S., Devaraju, S. M., Srinivasa, V.,Kantharaj, Y., Ravi, C. S., Akshay, A., ... & Shanwaz, A. (2018). Medicinaland nutritional importance of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L): A reviewarticle. Journal of Pharmacognosy andPhytochemistry, 297-300.
Sorifa, A. M. (2018). Nutritional compositions, health promoting phytochemicals and value added products of bitter gourd: A review. International Food Research Journal, 25(5), 1763–1772.
Supraja, P., Basha, T., Nagaraju, C., Kiranmayee, P., & Usha, R. (2015). Identification of an alkaloid momordicin from fruits of Momordica charantia L. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 6(2), 168–172.
Sutanto, H., Himawan, E., & Kusumocahyo, S. P. (2015). Ultrasound assisted extraction of bitter gourd fruit (Momordica charantia) and vacuum evaporation to concentrate the extract. Procedia Chemistry, 16, 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2015.12.048.
Tamilanban, T. (2018). In vitro neuroprotective effect of charantin from Momordica charantia against neurotoxin and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 12(03), S555–S560. https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v12i03.2018.
Tan, H., & Gan, C. (2016). Polysaccharide with antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory and ACE inhibitory activities from Momordica charantia. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.023.
Tan, S. P., Parks, S. E., Stathopoulos, C. E., & Roach, P. D. (2014). Extraction of flavonoids from bitter melon. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5(5), 458–465. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2014.55054.
Tan, S. P., Stathopoulos, C. E., Parks, S. E., & Roach, P. (2014). An optimised aqueous extract of phenolic compounds from bitter melon with high antioxidant capacity. Antioxidants, 3(4), 814–829. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox3040814.
Tan, S. P., Kha, T. C., Parks, S. E., Stathopoulos, C., & Roach, P. (2015a). Optimising the encapsulation of an aqueous bitter melon extract by spray-drying. Foods, 4(4), 400–419. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods4030400.
Tan, S. P., Kha, T. C., Parks, S. E., Stathopoulos, C. E., & Roach, P. D. (2015b). Effects of the spray-drying temperatures on the physiochemical properties of an encapsulated bitter melon aqueous extract powder. Powder Technology, 281, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.04.074.
Tsai, C. H., Li, T. C., Lin, C. C., & Tsay, H. S. (2011). Factor analysis of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adult Taiwanese. Endocrine, 40(2), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-011-9466-1.
Ullah, M., Chy, F. K., Sarkar, S. K., Islam, M. K., & Nurul, A. (2011). Nutrient and phytochemical analysis of four varieties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) grown in Chittagong hill tracts, Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(3), 186–193.
Ummi, R., Teti, E., & Endang, S. (2018). Bioactive compound and nutritious characteristic of bitter melon fruit (Momordica charantia L.). Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 79(7),308-316.
Valarmathi, N., Sree, R. S., Rajan, T. S., Virudhunagar, N., & District, M. (2020). Neuroprotective effets of Momordica charantia: A review from preclinical studies. International Journal of Research In Pharmaceutical Sciences., 11(2), 1902–1907.
Yoshime, L. T., Louise, I., De Melo, P., Augusto, J., & Sattler, G. (2016). Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L .) seed oil as a naturally rich source of bioactive compounds for nutraceutical purposes. Nutrire, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41110-016-0013-y.
Yousaf, S., Hussain, A., Rehman, S., Aslam, M. S., & Abbas, Z. (2016). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Lactobacillus fermentum, fruit extracts of Syzygium cumini and Momordica charantia on diabetes induced mice. Pakisthan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 29(5), 1535–1540.
Yung, M. M., Ross, F. A., Hardie, D. G., Leung, T. H., Zhan, J., Ngan, H. Y., & Chan, D. W. (2016). Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) extract inhibits tumorigenicity and overcomes cisplatin-resistance in ovarian cancer cells through targeting AMPK signaling cascade. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 15(3), 376–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735415611747.
Zaini, A. S., Aris, N. A., Putra, N. R., Abd Hashib, S., Kamaruddin, M. J., Idham, Z., & Che Yunus, M. A. (2018). Comparison of charantin extract from Momordica charantia using modified supercritical carbon dioxide and soxhlet extraction method. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 14(4), 462–466. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n4.1092.